The Religion Of The Nation Of Israel - 1228 Words

Abram, a pagan gentile called from a pagan land and culture, became the patriarch of the Nation of Israel. Moreover, through God’s covenant with him his numerous descendants inherited Palestine and from them came Messiah, the blessing to all peoples on earth. Understanding the culture of Ur of the Chaldeans, Abram’s place of origin, requires a determination of where this area was located and analyzing archaeological discoveries of that area in conjunction with other disciplines of biblical study. About 1800 B.C. Abram’s father, Terah, took his family and left Ur for Canaan but settled in Haran where Terah died. Haran was located in the southern part of modern-day Turkey. After his father’s death, Abram was called by God to continue his journey to the land of Canaan and he was called from, â€Å"Ur of the Chaldeans.† Abraham’s call from this pagan culture further affirms that God is both merciful and gracious as well as sovereign over the affairs of mankind. Ur of the Chaldeans is the first reference to the city in the biblical narrative with regards to Abram’s city of origin. Abram’s brother, Haran, died in Ur before Terah, Abram’s and Haran’s father, took the family to the city of Haran, a well-known stop along trade routes in Mesopotamia. The exact location of where the ancient city of Ur was located is debatable. Prior to an 1849 excavation—by Sir. W.K. Loftus—of a site located in modern-day southern Iraq, most scholars placed Ur in the north based on the biblical narrativeShow MoreRelatedEssay On The Election823 Words   |  4 Pages2018. The people of Israel and Palestine grew weary with the violence. Palestinians regained the land they once possessed in the West Bank and Gaza. Negotiation was tough, but it is to most people’s delight that 2 years later the violence has slowly began to terminate. The next question is how Israel moves on from all the violence, and chaos. The upcoming elections become a key factor in Israel’s future condition. 2020 elections have begun, the Unified Constitution for Israel (UCI) party has officiallyRead MoreArab Israeli Conflict Between Arab Nations And Israel1508 Words   |  7 Pagesconflicts amongst certain Arab nations and Israel. The conflict began as a struggle over land, or the area now known as Palestine. This conflict began at the end of the nineteenth century with the rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism. Arab nationalism was a reaction response to Zionism in relation to this conflict. While the Arab nation initiated four wars, Israel defended itself and won each time. What use to be a large-scale conflict between the Arab nation and Israel, as shifted over the years toRead MoreCulture Essay : Israel s Zionists Of America Convention Speech 1708 Words   |  7 PagesCulture Essay: Israel Introduction: Israel was not created in order to disappear- Israel will endure and flourish. 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Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa - 1382 Words

For decades, both men and women have struggled under the pressure of looking a certain way, what is considered attractive. The pressure of society s view of perfection is all around us, whenever we watch a movie or pick up a magazine. This idea of perfection has driven thousands of adolescents to turn to eating disorders, including bulimia nervosa. During the time I was bulimic, I remember watching movies and fashion shows, then looking at myself in the mirror and thinking â€Å"I’m never going to be skinny enough†. I now realize how wrong I was for punishing myself like that and how much damage I was doing to my body. That’s why I think it’s important for everyone to read about bulimia, because this disorder may go unobserved for years and†¦show more content†¦Electrolyte imbalances occur as a result of dehydration and excessive loss of potassium and sodium levels from the body as a following purging or excessive use of laxatives. Another major concern is damage to the digestive system as a result of the gastric acid reflux. Health consequences include inflammation and risk of rupture of the esophagus from frequent vomiting, tooth decay and staining from stomach acids released during vomiting episodes and irregular bowel movements and constipation as a result of laxative abuse (Lawson). There is no single cause for bulimia nervosa. However, there are many risk factors that contribute to this problem, including low self-esteem and concerns about weight. Other risk factors include genetic factors like being a female (80% of bulimia patients are female), age (often begins in the mid-teens or early adulthood), psychological and emotional issues (decreased self-esteem, impulsive behavior, depression, negative body image), social pressure during teen years and performance pressure in sports (particularly common among athletes such as gymnastics, ballet dancers and runners) (Edelstein, Haskew, Kramer, 2009). Parents need to identify possible factors that place the adolescent at risk for bulimia nervosa and be aware of any changes that may indicate the presence of an eating disorder. Warning Signs and Symptoms According to the National Eating Disorders Association, signs and symptoms of

Temperature Management Quality Assurance †Assignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Temperature Management for Quality Assurance. Answer: Introduction: First of all, chana dal is soaked in water for 2 hours. After this, the water is drained and the dal is transferred in pressure cooker. Salt and 3/4th cup water is added to the dal and cooked on medium flame. Cooking of the dal depends on the size of the pressure cooker. The cooked dal is transferred to colander for removing the excess water. After allowing it to cool for 10 minutes, fillings are prepared for the tikkis. Here the ingredients are chana dal, dry mango powder, garam masala powder and red chilli powder. After this, mashed potatoes, chopped green chilli, corn flour, lemon juice are taken in a bowl and are mixed well. This mixture is then filled in the centre of the dough and wrapped. These are then fried in hot oil, until golden brown. For the chaat, these balls are topped with curd, onions, sauce and namkeen. Dough is prepared, from whih triangle shaped balls are made. Into these balls, spiy and mashed potato fillings along with other vegetables are added and fried till golden brown. Finally, mint raita is used as a side dish to make the dish complete. (The presence of corns makes the dish crispy. Along with this, coriander and red fritters are used as filling to increase the taste factor of this dish. Mango chutney dip is presented as a side dish) A batter is prepared mixing flour and spices and whisked through water until a smooth consistency is achieved. Then the batter is left for half an hour to cool down. The corn kernels are cut into half. These kernels are then mixed with onion and coriander and mixed thoroughly into the batter. Small balls are rolled from the batter and fried in hot oil until golden brown. Deep frying method is used here for serving the fritters hot with mango chutney. (This is a dish, where small pieces of chicken are marinated in the spices, of which star anise is the major one. The deliciousness of this dish is increased by roasting the chicken in smoky tandoor) Small pieces of chicken are thoroughly washed. When they are ready for preparation, they are marinated in the spices, where star anise is one of the important spices. Instead of cooking in oil, the marinated chicken is roasted in tandoor until golden brown and blackish shade appears on the chicken body. First, the lamb meats are washed thoroughly so as to remove all the dirt. The cleaned lamb pieces are chopped and put into the spices. After coating the lamb pieces with the spices, they are hand pressed into the skewer. Here, the lamb pieces are thoroughly cooked. Through the skewer, the lamb pieces are grilled in the tandoor, which makes the dish spicy and more interesting. Yeast and sugar are taken in a glass measuring cup. Water is added and stirred well. The mixture is left to rest for 5 minutes until it attains a foamy texture. After this, flour and salt are mixed in a large bowl. A hollow structure is made in the centre of the flour, where the yeast mixture and vegetable oil is poured. A dough is formed, which is placed in the oiled bowl. The dough needs to be turned so as it is coated with adequate oil. Meanwhile oven is heated at 400 degree Fahrenheit. On the other hand, olive oil and rosemary leaves are mixed together. Balls are created from the dough. Rolls are created in circular motion, which are placed in baking sheet and covered with the rosemary mixture. Until the balls are puffed and appear golden brown, they are baked for 10 minutes. Water, sugar and crushed cardamoms are mixed together. Into this, flour, milk powder and soda are added. Within this, ghee is added and all of the added ingredients are thoroughly mixed. This mixture prepares dough from where small circular balls are prepared. These balls are then inserted into the oil, when it is medium. Uniform stirring and frying makes the ball golden brown. After this, the balls are dipped in the hot sigary syrup. The carrots are thoroughly washed and peeled. Then they are grated and put in a pan with almond milk and dairy milk. The mixture is them allowed to simmer on fire. Continuity needs to be maintained while maintaining the stirring in between. After 15-20 minutes, cardamom powder is added and stirred. Before serving, it is garnished with butterscotch ice cream and pistachio toppings. (It is mainly a pudding made from saffron rice. Saffron infused milk, enriched with pistachios makes the dessert provide the customers a sweeter tooth to eat this desert) The rice is washed and excess water is drained. After this, the rice is put in a bowl and covered with water. For 2 hours, the rice is left covered, so that the water is soaked. As a sequential step, coarse paste is made out of the rice. This rice paste is combined with milk, sugar, cardamom and saffron in a heavy bottomed saucepan. The mixture is left to cook on simmer over medium heat. Frequency needs to be maintained for about 25 minutes. After this, almonds and pistachios are added to the mixture, which needs to be vigorously stirred. After this, the heat is turned off and the phirni is left to cool. The remaining almonds and pistachios can be used for the garnishing purposed. Raw materials required Meat / chicken for the non vegetarian food items. Fresh vegetables for the vegetarian food items. Dairy products such as paneer, milk and butter. Authentic Indian spices for Indian flavoring. Seafood and fish. Other miscellaneous materials. Details of the suppliers The restaurant will maintain the food quality of them and thus the raw materials will be sources only from the certified suppliers. Meats will be sourced from the Haverick meats. They are one of the leading meat suppliers in Sydney. Moreover, they already supplies meat to various renowned restaurants. They are also HACCP, Aus-Meat, HALAL and MSA certified. Thus, it will be easy and reliable to trust them as the meat suppliers. Fresh vegetables and fruits will be sourced from L.J. Parthenos Son Pty Ltd. They are operating as vegetables wholesalers for a quite few years. Several renowned restaurants are there in the customer list of them. Dairy products will be sourced from real dairy Australia. They offers high quality milk and other dairy products. Indian spices can be sourced from Spice merchants. They are one of the leading spice importers in Australia. Moreover, they supply their products to more than 1000 organizations. Due to the reason that they source their products from the Indian subcontinent, thus the authentic quality and taste can be gathered. Fish and other seafood will be sourced from MG seafood wholesalers in Sydney. They are one of the prominent players in this sector and supply their products to various renowned organizations. Supply chain management The stock for the raw materials will be kept for 1 week and with having stock for 5 days, the order will be given. It is being estimated that it will take the suppliers approx 2 days to deliver their products. The goods will be received by the operation department. A separate warehouse will be maintained for storage facilities (Christopher 2016). Operations department will be responsible to handle the inbound and outbound activities from the warehouse. They will also be responsible for the quality control. A lab will be initiated in the warehouse to check and monitor the inbound supplies. In addition, the temperature of the warehouse will be maintained in order to keep fresh the perishable items (Aung and Chang 2014.). References and Bibliography Aung, M.M. and Chang, Y.S., 2014. Temperature management for the quality assurance of a perishable food supply chain.Food Control,40, pp.198-207. Bonner, F. (2015). The Mediated Asian-Australian Food Identity: From Charmaine Solomon to Masterchef Australia.Media International Australia,157(1), 103-113. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Kershen, A. J. (Ed.). (2017).Food in the migrant experience. Routledge. Philips, D. (2016). Cooking Doesn't Get Much Tougher than This: MasterChef and Competitive Cooking.Journal of Popular Film and Television,44(3), 169-178. Ray, U. (2015).Culinary Culture in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press. Rivera, C. (2016). Diasporic Anglo-Indians in Australia, Canada, New Zealand And The UK: A Review of The Scholarly Literature.International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies,16(2). Shaw, P., Panda, S. (2015). Spices commonly consumed in west Bengal IndiaAn appraisal.Int. J. Life Sci,4(2), 129-133. Whitton, C., Ma, Y., Bastian, A. C., Chan, M. F., Chew, L. (2014). Fast-food consumers in Singapore: demographic profile, diet quality and weight status.Public health nutrition,17(8), 1805-1813. Worsley, A., Wang, W., Ismail, S., Ridley, S. (2014). Consumers' interest in learning about cooking: the influence of age, gender and education.International journal of consumer studies,38(3), 258-264.

To Clone Or Not To Clone Analysis Essay Example For Students

To Clone Or Not To Clone Analysis Essay Cloning is an issue that has been evolving during time. At thebegining, cloning was been researched and was described as somethingthat was hard to reach. Even science fiction movies, such asMultiplicity, were produced about cloning. As the time went through,cloning became a reality. In 1996 Dolly, the first mammal, a sheep wasborn. Dolly was created by Ian Wilmut, an embryologist of the Roslinginsitute ( World Book, http://www.worldbook.com ). Since then, manymammals, such as mice and calves were created. Right now, there is afear, that humans might be the next to be cloned. Ruth macklin and Charles Krauthammer discuss this matter in twoessays were they state whether cloning is right or wrong. Ruth Macklin, a professor of Bioethics, wrote an essay about thisissue. Human Cloning? Dont Just Say No is the title of her article. Her essay discusses the negative response of the people to HumanCloning. As the title of the essay says: Human Cloning? Dont Just SayNo, Macklin believes that cloning deserves a chance to be developed inhumans. Macklin talks about Human Clones not being accepted as human beings. Shestates that an ethicist said once, that human cloning would be aviolation to the right to genetic identity (Perspectives ofContemporary Issues, pg. 508). Macklin doubts about the exsistence ofthis right. She explains many points about Human Cloning and aboutethics. One of the points she mentiones, is about the violation to humandignity. Theologians say that cloning would be a violation to dignityand also that cloned humans would be treated with less respect thanother human beings. Another issue she discusses is the fact that Human Clones could be usedas human farms or organ donors. Macklin gives many examples about thecases where human cloning might be accepted. Mothers that can not havechildren, families that have children that are sick to death or alsocouples that may have genetic defects (Perspectives of ContemporaryIssues, pg. 508). In conclusion, Macklin thinks, that human cloning should be accepted orat least an opportunity should been given to develop Human Cloning. On the other hand, Charles Krauthammer, the author of the secondessay Of Headless Mice..And Men is totally against Cloning in everyway. His essay talks about the cloning that was made in mice. Researchers have been able to locate different genes and than deletesome genes, just to see what comes out. They erased the clone thatcreates the head and produced headless mice that obviosly died when thewere born. Krauthammer does not understand, how humans can create such type ofmice. He talks about the chance of creating humans with no heads. Hesays, that the goal of these production of headless humans, could bekept as an organ farm. He also gives examples of Cloning, such as thepossibility to create models, and geniuses (Perspectives of ContemporaryIssues, pg. 510). Krauthammer mentiones that President Bill Clintonbanned cloning, but it wont be long until it is accepted. Krauthammercloncusion is the prohibition of Human cloning and every type ofcloning. These essays are a clear example of what cloning is and what theresponses might be. As Macklin is in favor of Cloning, Krauthammer isnot. Macklins essay talks more about cloning as having a twin, a personthat will be living with us and form part of the family. A companionthat will be there to live life as it is. There are other terms for cloning such as carbon copy. .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376 , .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376 .postImageUrl , .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376 , .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376:hover , .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376:visited , .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376:active { border:0!important; } .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376:active , .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376 .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf2bbbef4532ce3927cba0b0e4e582376:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In the summer of 1969, not everyone was at Woodsto EssayOn the other hand, Krauthammers essay describes human clones with noheads. Human farms that will be there in case something goes wrong withthe original. These half human beings would be different, they would bekept alive, like an organ reserve if the original loses a hand, thenthe clone gives that person a hand. What kind of thoughts are those? Isit possible that scientists have come to a point were they want tocreate Monsters? This would really be a violation to human dignity. Aharm to the cloned person that might not have a brain tothink, but he sure will have the same arms, legs, hands, etc as theoriginal. He might not have the same face as the original, but he willhave a heart and I am sure that he would not like to live headless. Ifcloning will be this way, than it should be completly banned. Both essays are very persuasive, but there is a difference inboth. The examples given by the authors have a huge roll in thepersuasive part, Krauthammer has examples that might be more persuasivethan Macklins. They both explain the two faces of cloning and under which conditiond itmight be developed. Macklin gives us an explanation trying to convincethe public of giving human cloning a chance to happen. She alsodescribes cloning as some kind of human farm, but mostly what sheexplains is that cloning can be taken as something normal, as an in-vitro fertilization, for example. Many people do not really know whathuman cloning really is and misunderstand its meaning. Macklin gives ashort explanation, but as every experiment, it must have somedificulties. Krauthammers essay is totally against cloning. He is very persuasiveand gives examples that will change the way of thinking of many peopleand turn them against cloning. He gives exapmles, that are almostimposibble to believe. Headless people, headless mice, keeping humanclones alive as an organ farm, etc. All these examples are a reality andanyone who is mature enough and has reasoning will be against thecreation of headless humans. This essays have the same topic, but are different. Although bothtalk about human cloning, the essays are different. As we could see, in Macklins essay, the cloned humans are consideredpersons. Krauthammers essay mostly discusses human clones as humanfarms. Macklin talks about cloning being banned, but she does not statewho banned it. Krauthammer explains this as saying that Dolly madepresident Clinton create a comission and temporary banned humanclonning. Eventhough there is a temporary ban, this could someday beaccepted. Krauthammer thinks, that this should be banned forever. There are a lot of different opinions about cloning and also a lotof mistaken thoughts about this issue. Many articles have been writtenand discussed. Many questions are to be answered and more research is tobe done. This type of essays can clear some doubts people have, but arenot enough to say I am in favor or I am against. It is anissue that will be a controversy for al long time. It might be right tocreate a human clone as a person, but it is very wrong to use a humanclone as a human farm. Everyone has the right to live a normal life. Ifthis right will be violated than, no cloned humans should be created. As Macklin says: A world not safe foe cloned humans would be a worldnot safe for the rest of us. BibliographyMacklin, Ruth Human Cloning? Dont Just Say No Perspectives onContemporary Issues. Pages 507-508Krauthammer, Charles Of Headless MiceAnd Men Perspectives onContemporary Issues. Pages 509-511Wachbroit, Robert Human Cloning Isnt as Sacry as it Sounds Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com

Life in the Dorms free essay sample

Based off this essay I feel Rebekah was able to capture a very good view on the general dorm life on college. All though there were some differences between building structures and door decorating rules not much seems to have change from when she lived in a dorm to how dorm life is now. One of my favorite things to read was how amazed she was by how two people could adjust and fit so much stuff in a small room by building up. Being in a forced triple I instantly connected with this amazement. When I first visited my dorm I thought it was going to be a nightmare but now that I’m settled in things really aren’t that bad. I was surprised though when I heard that there weren’t any triples in her dorm hall, I was also kind of jealous. What aspect that hasn’t seemed to change at all either is the bulletin boards. We will write a custom essay sample on Life in the Dorms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I’ve only been here a month and based off what she said about their patterns of getting involved, sexual harassment and personal health makes sense. That was exactly what I first saw when I came in Davis was a board saying run for Hall Council and another one talking about personal safety. I guess people do really do follow patterns in college and the flow has just become universal, Based off the rest of her essay I’ve gotten a small view of what to come as a college Freshman. Like very quiet and stressed out people around Finals and what life is like around the holidays and how people always fine time to have fun in between but generally the crowd follows each other in patterns.

prostitution essays

prostitution essays Prostitution is defined as the oldest profession in the world, because it started with the very first civilization and has continued to present day. The argument over whether prostitution should be legalized or stay a criminal act has many split on the issue, including many feminists. I believe that prostitution is morally wrong, harmful and very degrading. On the other hand I am opposed to the government having the power to decide its legal state, primarily because they dont feel we are intelligent enough to make our own decisions. I propose that prostitution should be granted legalization. Every civilization in the world has some form of prostitutes working in their society. If it affects so many people how can we turn our heads, arrest people, slam the prison door and think that we have solved the problem. It has proved to go on whether their government condoned the practice or not. If we cannot stop this phenomenon why not make it legal to extract taxes and better assist the prostitutes and their clients? Currently in the United States, except for places in Nevada, prostution, the act of providing sex for money is illegal. When people have a job that is against the law they are no longer contributing to the government taxes. Their act is banned so there is not a way to regulate their money, while they still enjoy the benefits of this country without the added burden. Also, the prostitutes do not get medical attention they desperately need. A lot of people believe that if you make something legal you are agreeing with the perpratrators act or giving them permission to continue with their unhealthy lifestyle, but when does compassion come in and the understanding of peoples needs. We spend too much time convicting the criminals and not enough time helping to rehabilitate women from the streets or finding options for other work. If prostitution is made legal it should be guided under stric ...

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Business Law - Essay Example Especially from the point of view of securing intellectual property rights, social media mocks at those thinking of this. The speed of information dissemination and exchange is so fast on internet that by the time one finalizes of a website or trademark of web address, another person wins in getting a similar or exact copyright. Also, contractual agreements with employees on the issue of reasonable use of company resources and abiding by the privacy and security rules of company’s information are also at stake. Employees today generally ‘friend’ their competitors on social networking sites like Facebook, Orkut and twitter and reveal many of the important and sensitive company information to other through posts and tweets which is available for others to look at and comment upon. This gives rise to unethical marketing practices and organizational gimmicks which ultimately lead to more litigations and breaches of contracts. From the widespread use of social media, it seems as if people are managing what they actually do not understand properly. In order to expand the friend list at social networking sites, employees and even bosses ‘friend’ their competitors also which can damage the reputation of the company and place potential legal issues on posting and sharing confidential and damaging information over internet. From both legal and ethical standpoints, this seems to be a grave situation as boundary line between communication channels and privacy barriers is getting blurred due to the usage of social media. Businesses need to have more control, monitoring and action steps program in place because social media can become a fierce tool in the hands of ‘disgruntled’ employees to embarrass the company. Similarly, contracts with employees also need to be watched carefully as no one knows which employee is actually working for the benefit of the company and

Different types of love in Shakespeare's 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' Essay

Different types of love in Shakespeare's 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' - Essay Example Shakespeare presents love and its many faces and how people tend to react towards it. Friendship is one aspect of love. Though there is no romantic passion or attraction involved in this kind of love, there is some kind affection between two people. This is exemplified in Helena and Hermia’s relationship. Friendship is shown in the play as a relationship between two females, who have a deep connection with each other to the point of sharing secrets and stories. Helena’s words, â€Å"the sister vows, the hours that we spent when we have chid the hasty footing time for parting us†¦so we grew together†¦seeming parted but yet an union in partition† signified the Helena and Hermia came a long way back (III, 2, 8). This gives a picture of friendship that started during childhood times and that they have weathered problems together, moving and thinking like sisters. This indicates that love does not merely entail a romantic connection with another, but love can also be that deep connection with someone. Friendship is all about trust and love for each other, same with romantic love, a willingness to put your heart and soul in the hands of another, trusting that the person will take care of the trust and love. Another type of love that Shakespeare presented in the play is the love of a father to his child. However, the kind of parental love that Shakespeare presented is commanding and authoritarian, which indicates that during Shakespeare’s times, the father, being the provider of the family, tends to command their family, especially their daughters according to how they believe is good for them. Egeus believes that â€Å"as (Hermia) is (his) daughter, (he) may dispose of her† in any way that he wants to (I, 1, 42). This is attitude is deemed by society as appropriate and fit for a father, especially in a viewpoint that expects the father to be able to control the behavior and actions of their family members. This type of love

Discussion Questions for Sexism Readings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion Questions for Sexism Readings - Essay Example Misogyny, hatred for one sex (females basically) leads to increased feelings of oppression and suffocation for the women and transgender people. This also leads to more abortions, and killing of infant girls. 2. Biological sex is basically a bodily aspect. If a person has primary sexual characters of male or female sex, he or she is biologically a male or a female. Gender is more like a concept. Essentially other than the primary sexual characters, human beings are alike. Gender studies are basically an approach towards how you perceive men and women. Biologically they are same other than primary sexual characters but gender considers them different. 3. Not all, but many men practice patriarchy happily as they have a lot to gain from it. They get to rule their households. This however is not always easy. Homophobia, the hatred people feel for lesbians and gays and sometimes for transgender people originates from this stress too. No extreme is good. When 50% population of any place is oppressed in the name of patriarchy, many react by becoming gay or lesbian. Normal life is disrupted by this extremism in favor of one sex. 4. Feminism demands equal rights for women. Biologically, women and men are equals but the sexist approaches don’t let that to be practiced in society. Although in theory it looks like United States is a very broad minded society, but there has always been a very strong negative reaction to equal rights for women and transgender people. One of the reasons is that it is always easy to follow the current trends rather than accepting changes. Also, with women getting equal rights, some of the men might feel insecure. 5. Ideal female beauty is a concept that leads a lot of girls to efforts of abnormal level to become acceptably attractive. This leads women to putting in extra efforts for acceptance and those who naturally lack it suffer a lot. From other point of view, this sometimes makes women easy targets

Empowering Patients With Chronic Illnesses Diabetes Sufferer Nursing Essay

Empowering Patients With Chronic Illnesses Diabetes Sufferer Nursing Essay For this assignment I have chosen to use the diabetes case study. I will abide by NMC code of conduct at all times and remain professional in my approach. Empowerment is a multidimensional construct applicable to individuals, organizations, and neighbourhoods (Rappaport, 1987). It is viewed as a construct rather than a concept because it is not directly observable (Jacox, 1974).The case study indicates that Patrick lacks both self control and will power in his management of his diabetes. Individuals with long-term conditions are challenged by often persistent and disruptive health problems that have cognitive, social and emotional repercussions (Larsen Lubkin, 2009). Established methods of treating people with long-term conditions are based on the assumption that prescriptive instruction by expert health professionals will guide the users behaviour, thereby effectively managing their condition. However, frequent non-adherence to health care advice (Zimmerer et al, 2009) and failure to achieve behaviour change through education programmes alone (Gibson et al, 2001) indicate that this approach is often unsuccessful. Self-management prog rammes typically incorporate development of action plans and training in the skills required to implement such action (Lorig Holman, 2004). Collaboration between the professional and the person with the long-term condition is required to ensure that advice is not only provided but personalised in accordance with the individuals needs and preferences (Bodenheimer et al, 2002). In April 2009 the Department of Health released a guide on Self Management. It detailed the Four Pillar approach,firstly Information, a more informed patient can make better decisions about his or her treatment, secondly skills and training, providing the patient with the skills necessary to take care of their condition better, thirdly tools and devices aiming to equip the person with the means to control their condition, and finally the all important support networks, giving the person a sense of involvement in their care and the ability to communicate any fears around their disease. Whilst on my community placement I was introduced to an initiative that is used within a local PCT in Birmingham. It is called the Diabetes Manual (Burden Burden, Heart of Birmingham PCT). It is a booklet/log book which is given to every newly diagnosed diabetic. It aims to educate and inform patients on their diabetes and how best to control it. It details some/most of the complications/side effects that come with having a long time condition such as diabetes. Its main aim is to educate patients through simplified terms and pictures. The integrated log book is used by patients to write down how they manage their diabetes on a day to day basis. One key area of this booklet is the action planning page. The book also incorporates target/goal setting for Patrick. On initial interview with Patrick we would aim to introduce him to the booklet and discuss with him, firstly the benefit of using this book, allowing him to self manage his condition and to better understand the implications o f a long term condition such as Diabetes. It is important to ensure that Patrick is literate as this plan will not succeed if this is not so. Goal-setting for the first few weeks would be to aim to maintain blood sugars at a mutually agreed safe level. It would be unreasonable to expect too much of Patrick within the first few weeks and although it is important for his health that goals are reached we would aim to gradually introduce more aims as Patrick got used to effectively self managing his condition. This integrated logbook and information guide addresses at least two of the four pillars of Self Management (DoH 2009). Information contained in the book will allow Patrick to read and digest at his own leisure, bombarding a patient with information during an interview can often cause them to disregard and switch off from the information giver. It also acts as a tool or device by which Patrick can write down his day to day life in the knowledge that it may be the key to controlling his blood sugar levels if he keeps an accurate food diary. This initiative relies heavily of the theory of Self Efficacy as detailed by Bandura (1977). He stated that people can be characterised primarily on the basis of their beliefs in their ability to control their lives, because those beliefs powerfully determine the effort they make to adapt to their surroundings. Self-efficacy theory predicts that the more an individual feels capable of predicting and controlling threatening events, the less vulnerable he or she will be to anxiety or stress disorders in response to traumatic experiences . Therefore if Patrick believes he holds the key to controlling his diabetes, he will endeavour to put plans into action to reduce his blood sugar levels, come to terms with his condition and prevent further complications associated with his Diabetes. The self-management approach views the individual as an active agent in treatment. The purpose of self-management is to nurture skills such as behavioural management techniques and to support informed decision making and problem solving, thereby equipping the individual with the necessary expertise to manage their condition. This person-centred approach focuses on personalisation of treatment and facilitation of independence, allowing Patrick to continue day to day routine as normal without any forbearance on his life. It has been described as a patient-centred approach based on respect and compassion and has an emphasis on collaboration with patients (including collaborative goal-setting), self-management skills and psychosocial issues. Nurses would play a pivotal role in providing advice, guidance, education and support to Patrick . Self-management is important as it not only benefits the patient, but also provides wider opportunities for community and specialist nurses to use and develop their clinical and interpersonal skills. It was highlighted in the case study that Patrick has started to develop Retinopathy. Diabetic Retinopathy is a vascular condition in which the retinal capillaries tend to degenerate after a number of years. The condition is characterised by ocular haemorrhages, lipid exudate and the growth of new blood vessels and connective tissue. This has resulted in poor eyesight which could prove problematic if not dealt with soon to prevent blindness. Patrick currently works as a bus driver so his eyesight is very important to him to be able to continue to work and provide financially for his family. Diabetes-related complications can have a major affect on the individual and family members, and are costly to the patient. There are a number of eye conditions specifically associated with diabetes. These include temporary disturbances in lens shape, related to hyperglycaemia and often seen at diagnosis, and cataracts, including the rare sugar cataract only seen in people with diabetes. However, DR is likely to affect most people with diabetes as the duration of their condition increases (Williams and Pickup 1999). DR is one of the long-term micro vascular complications of diabetes mellitus and is the leading cause of blindness in the working population of the UK (BDA 1995). Ninety per cent of people with type 1 diabetes have some degree of DR within 20 years of diagnosis and it has been suggested that it is present at diagnosis in 40 per cent of those with type 2 diabetes (Cummings 2002). A survey has found that blindness was the most well known complication of diabetes (Diabetes UK 2000). However the future for Patrick does not have to as bleak as it sounds. The National Service Framework for Diabetes (DoH 2001) recommends early and regular screening for all diabetics. Developing a plan of action/care for Patrick should begin with a thorough nursing assessment which is essential to ensure that a correct diagnosis regarding diabetic Retinopathy is made. Patrick may complain initially of the signs of vitreous haemorrhage such as floaters, which look like small, black insects, or a lacy curtain across the field of vision. Macular involvement may be revealed by the patients description of a general deterioration in fine and colour vision that is not improved by wearing a range of spectacles. The main aim of screening for diabetic Retinopathy is to identify patients with sight-threatening Retinopathy who may require preventive treatment. Screening and treatment for diabetic Retinopathy will not eliminate all cases of sight loss, but can be important in minimising the number of patients with sight loss as a result of this condition. The aim of a retinal screening programme is to ensure that a yearly examination of all patients in a given area is performe d (Walker and Rodgers 2002). This assessment should be done prior to a direct and rapid referral to an Ophthalmologist to screen and evaluate the degree of Retinopathy. As a preventive strategy, health education should include the best available research evidence to assist patients to make decisions about lifestyle changes and gain control over their condition (Watkinson and Chetram 2005). Micro vascular complications may be prevented or onset delayed with good medical treatment (Kanski 2007). The nurse should involve Patrick and with permission the family to identify areas such as diet and alcohol consumption that can be modified to provide better and tighter glycaemic control. Levels of blood glucose are set at preferably below HbA1c 6.5-7.5% according to the individuals target (NICE 2005). Patricks is 9.9% which puts him in the danger zone for developing complications and increasing his risk of irreversible damage. The target is based on the risk of macro vascular and micro vascular complications. Individuals with type 2 diabetes need to have an ongoing structured evaluation every two to six months, to assess the risk factor. A reduction in the prevalence of diabetic Retinopathy is associated with tighter blood glucose control (Younis et al 2002). By involving the whole family in this change in lifestyle will prove to Patrick he is not on his own and offer him support. Using the initiative I discussed early in this assignment the log book/information guide offers helpful advice for diet and lifestyle change. Setting Patrick some SMART goals/challenges will allow him to maintain his control of his own body and increase compliance. The target is to reduce his HbA1c to within the acceptable target range discussed above. A significant lifestyle change is needed but must be done with concordance with Patrick and his family. It is noted that Patrick is overweight with a BMI of 29.5. This can increase his risk of hypertension, which itself is a factor in Retinopathy as it increases the pressure within the eye. Effective blood pressure management is as significant as blood glucose control in reducing the risk of progression of diabetic Retinopathy in those with type 2 diabetes (UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group 2004). Good blood pre ssure control is considered to be at or below 140/80mmHg (NICE 2005). Adherence to prescribed anti hypertensive treatment is vital as diabetic patients with hypertension have a poor visual prognosis (NICE 2005). A consultation with Patricks GP should be arranged to ascertain if there is any hypertension and if found it has been shown that ACE inhibitors prove very effective in the reduction of high blood pressure in Diabetics.(NICE 2005).There are new schemes devised by the Department of Health to reduce the use of medication in weight loss and to increase exercise in the population. Free weigh loss classes are offered to patients who meet the criteria. Patrick would benefit from these schemes. Medication management and strict concordance with the regime is incredibly important to ensure Patrick maintains a level of the drugs in his body. If it is adhered to it may be that he will not have to take insulin. By providing ongoing psychological support to Patrick and to his family the nurse can help the patient to maintain his or her self-esteem and improve self-management of the condition. Visual impairment in patients with diabetes is often compounded by the loss of self-management skills, which may have psychosocial implications (Hall and Waterman 1997). Reactions to visual loss can also lead to psychological distress such as depression, suicidal thoughts and anxiety (Hall and Waterman 1997). It is therefore the nurses duty to discuss these issues with the patient and relatives and provide appropriate support (Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) 2004). Organisations such as Diabetes UK and the Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB) can also provide ongoing help and support. Regular screening and repeat follow ups should ensure Patricks Retinopathy does not continue to worsen. Nearly two decades ago Fielding and Llewellyn (1987) pointed out that effective nurse-patient communication was central to the quality of care that patients received, stating rather poignantly that: Communication is both one of the most demanding and difficult aspects of a nurses job, and one which is frequently avoided or done badly although central to the quality of patient care.Encouraging people to change their attitude towards a health issue is an important part of any health education programme, but peoples values can be particularly resistant to change. Even when clients are persuaded to change their attitude (for example towards diet, smoking, safer sex) it is often frustrating for nurses to realise that this may not lead to a change in their behaviour. An understanding of the complex relationship between a persons knowledge, attitude and behaviour can assist health professionals in realising why clients may continue to behave in a certain way, despite health advice to the co ntrary. Persuasive communication theory offers specific techniques that can be used successfully within health promotion. It is important for the nurse to listen to Patricks concerns and endeavour to offer counsel or help. I have attempted to prove in this assignment that communication with Patrick and his family is of the utmost importance to ensure concordance and thus improve his control of his condition. By educating both parties it shows Patrick that he is not alone and he can gain support from his family and other networks accessible to him such as local support groups. It has been mentioned in the case study that Patrick drives a bus and as a result of his poor control of his Diabetes, he has been falling asleep at the wheel. This provides the nurse with a significant ethical dilemma. Bound by the NMC professional code of conduct means nurses are restricted to what information they can release. A disconcerting feature of ethics can be its association with apparently complex theories such as utilitarianism (the moral value of an action is determined by its overall benefit) and de-ontologyy (concerned with adhering to moral rules or moral duty rather than with the consequences of actions) (Beauchamp and Childress 2001). These established theories are important components of ethics and can help to guide decisions. The general principles of Ethics are that of Avoiding Harm and moral obligations and duties. As a nurse we have a moral obligation to notify the DVLA as it is in the public best interest to prevent harm coming to others if Patrick falls asleep at the wheel, thus avoiding harm to others. In this assignment I have endeavoured to show that the key to controlling Patricks Diabetes is through effective communication, self-efficacy/self management and family involvement. By encouraging Patrick to look at his life and analyse his lifestyle he is on the road to effective self management. Change is only possible if Patricks attitude towards his condition alters. By offering him the option of utilising the logbook he can challenge his attitudes with the main aims/challenges of keeping further complications at bay, maintaining tighter glycaemic control and thus lowering his HbA1c.

The Influence of Family Functioning on Eating Disorders Essay -- Relat

The Influence of Family Functioning on Eating Disorders Understanding the etiology of an eating disorder is perhaps the most complicated issue surrounding the disease, as teasing apart cause and consequence can be extremely difficult. This problem becomes immediately apparent when examining family factors associated with eating disorders. Research over the past decade has focused largely on identifying family factors that potentially contribute to the development of an eating disorder in an individual, and further refining these characteristics into prototypes for the â€Å"anorexic family† or the â€Å"bulimic family.† Identifying a pattern of specific family risk factors would be an extremely useful tool in recognizing those vulnerable for developing an eating disorder. While the research has been unable to paint an entirely complete picture of family characteristics, certain traits surface as typical to the eating disordered family. Unfortunately, much of the existing literature on family factors and eati ng disorders relies upon correlational data, as controlled studies are difficult to conduct within a family setting. Caution must therefore be applied to such findings, as one cannot assume causality; based on strictly correlational studies alone, it cannot be determined whether the family environment caused the eating disorder, or whether the eating disorder led to family dysfunction. Nevertheless, it remains useful to examine any significant factors that emerge from the literature in order to increase understanding about each potential factor influencing the development of eating disorders. Although they both fall into the common continuum of eating disorders, anorexia nervosa (restricting subt... ...(1986). Bulimia: assessment of eating, Psychological adjustment, and familial characteristics. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 5(5), 865-878. Scalf-McIver, L. & Thompson, J.K. (1989). Family correlates of bulimic characteristics in college females. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(3), 467-472. Stern, S.L., Dixon, K.L., Jones, D., Lake, M., Nemzer, E., & Sansone, R. (1989). Family Environment in anorexia and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 8(1), 25-31. Thienemann, M. & Steiner, H. (1993). Family environment of eating disordered and depressed adolescents. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 14(1), 43 48. Walsh, B.T. & Garner, D.M. (1997). Diagnostic issues. In D.M. Garner & P.E. Garfinkel (Eds.), Handbook for the Treatment of Eating Disorders (pp. 25-33). New York: The Guilford Press.

Rearch on Inventory

Topic7 Inventory 1 Identify the primary authoritative guidance for the accounting for inventories. What is the predecessor literature? FASB ASC 330 Inventory provides primary authoritative guidance for the accounting for inventory. The predecessor literature about it is Accounting Research Bulletins (ARB) No. 43 Chapter 4, paragraph 4 (Issued June, 1953) and Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (FAS) NO. 151 Inventory cost- an amendment of ARB No. 43, Chapter 4 (Issued November, 2004). 2 List the three types of goods that are classified as inventory. What characteristic will automatically exclude an item from being classified as inventory? Answer: Glossary (FASB ASC 330-10-20) 10-20: Inventory The term inventory embraces goods awaiting sale (the merchandise of a trading concern and the finished goods of a manufacturer), goods in the course of production (work in process), and goods to be consumed directly or indirectly in production (raw materials and supplies). This definition of inventories excludes long-term assets subject to depreciation accounting, or goods which, when put into use, will be so classified. The fact that a depreciable asset is retired from regular use and held for sale does not indicate that the item should be classified as part of the inventory. 3 Define â€Å"market† as used in the phrase â€Å"lower-of-cost-or-market† Answer: Glossary (FASB ASC 330-10-20) 10-20 Market: As used in the phrase lower of cost or market, the term market means current replacement cost (by purchase or by reproduction, as the case may be) provided that it meets both of the following conditions a. Market shall not exceed the net realizable value b. Market shall not be less than net realizable value reduced by an allowance for an approximately normal profit margin. 4 Explain when it is acceptable to state inventory above cost and which industries allow this practice. Answer: Stating Inventories Above Cost (FASB ASC 330-35) 35-16: It is generally recognized that income accrues only at the time of sale, and that gains may not be anticipated by reflecting assets at their current sales prices. However, exceptions for reflecting assets at selling prices are permissible for both of the following: a. Inventories of gold and silver,when there is an effective government-controlled market at a fixed monetary value b. Inventories representing agricultural, mineral, and other products, with all of the following criteria: 1. Units of which are interchangeable 2. Units of which have an immediate marketability at quoted prices 3. Units for which appropriate costs may be difficult to obtain. Where such inventories are stated at sales prices, they shall be reduced by expenditures to be incurred in disposal. 35-15: Only in exceptional cases may inventories properly be stated above cost. For example, precious metals having a fixed monetary value with no substantial cost of marketing may be stated at such monetary value; any other exceptions must be justifiable by inability to determine appropriate approximate costs, immediate marketability at quoted market price, and the characteristic of unit interchangeability. A brief summary about predecessor standards ARB NO. 43 Chapter4 (issued June, 1953), is predecessor standards that corresponds to the Codification. This chapter sets forth the general principles applicable to the pricing of inventories of mercantile and manufacturing enterprises. The standard gives a major objective of accounting for inventories and the primary basis of accounting, including how to allocate variable production overheads incurred in bringing an article to its existing condition and location. Cost for inventory purposes may be determined under several assumptions as to the flow of cost factors and enterprises should select one that most clearly reflects periodic income. This chapter also presents some of the valuation and estimation concepts that companies use to develop relevant inventory information. The basis of stating inventories must be consistently applied and should be isclosed in the financial statements. Statement of Financial Accounting Standard NO. 151 Inventory Costs amends the guidance in ARB No. 43, Chapter 4, â€Å"Inventory Pricing,† in order to clarify the accounting for abnormal amounts of idle facility expense, freight, handling costs, and wasted material (spoilage). In addition, this Statement requires that allocatio n of fixed production overheads to the costs of conversion be based on the normal capacity of the production facilities. This amendment is issued in November 2004 and effective for inventory costs incurred during fiscal years beginning after June15, 2005

Illustrate the use of budget control in my chosen organisation which is Tesco Essays

Illustrate the use of budget control in my chosen organisation which is Tesco Essays Illustrate the use of budget control in my chosen organisation which is Tesco Essay Illustrate the use of budget control in my chosen organisation which is Tesco Essay Essay Topic: The Chosen In this task I have been asked to illustrate the use of budgets controlled my chosen organisation which is Tesco.Tesco is one of the biggest retailers which are internally budgeting for sales growth by 2% in the UK, compared to its usual guidance of 3-4%. This is due to recession. The decision was made after the meeting between Tesco’s senior management and city analysis’s, shore capitals Clive Black said â€Å"such budgeting is a significant change and indicates the seriousness of the economic slowdown and its likely duration†. The financial downside over the past month has seen various retailers cut back on expectations as consumer confidence takes a fresh drive. â€Å"It would be no surprise to us if the recent financial turmoil has materially impacted consumer sentiment and sales for a short period at least, â€Å"explained Mr Black. Recently towards the end of September, Tesco chief executive Sir Terry Leahy was saying it was  "perfectly possible† to deliver UK sales growth in its 3-4% range.Tesco is comfortable with city earnings for the current year but is â€Å"cutting its cloth† to adapt to tougher trading conditions, which Mr Black added. The supermarket, which was unavailable for comment, is reportedly driving harder bargains with the supply chain and is looking to cut wages and distribution costs. The inflation pressures of previous months are cooling down, prompting the company to re-address terms with suppliers. â€Å"Market conditions are toughening, we sense, for the supply chain,† Mr Black states. Tesco dominates the UK’s landscape with businesses all over but is under pressure from cheaper rivals which include Aldi and Lidl. In the previous month Tesco began to campaign to establish themselves as â€Å"Britain biggest discounter,† reducing product prices to compete with other competitors. Despite â€Å"Powerful economic headwinds† Tesco made a 10% incr ease in the first half of sales which made Tesco’s  £1.45billion this year, also with UK like-for-like sales increasing by 4% which was excluding fuel during the second quarter. Tesco has 440,000 staff worldwide, with 280,000 in the UK; also more than 2,100 stores in the UK and over 3,700 in totals worldwide.M4: Analyse the reasons why costs need to be controlled to budget.All businesses need to know their budget available to run the business and the costs they have to run that business. The costs in a business cannot exceed the budget otherwise the business will have a negative balance, and the business won’t be making no money at all.The costs need to be controlled to budget because if they are not controlled to the budget the banks will not lend any sort of loan to the business. The businesses would think that this business is not making any progress. It is going down day by day. The banks would think before giving loan to the business whether or not the business will be able to return the loan within certain time period, the time which is given to them.The shareholders would not want to hold shares in the business as they would know that the business is not making any sort of profit so they would want to give their shares away. The value of the shares would drop down and the business would be having negative trade balance. No one would want to buy the shares as they would know that this can only leave them in loss.New customers will not make plenty of orders as they will know that the business has negative trade so they might not be able to produce the sort of products they require or they want. They might not even be able to produce the products on time. This would risk the money of the customers and along with that it will take a lot of time so they would not want to waste their time.The business might not have checked the deadlines for the things as this can lead to more problems in the business. The business should see if the employees have made the sales figures before the deadline and if they have assumed the costs before deadline. If all these things are done after the deadline, they can lead problems and the trade balance can go down.The business never knows about the unforeseen circumstances. The business needs to have some money in the business in case if the business needs it in the form of emergency. For example if the delivery van breaks down in a business the business would need money to repair as this would not be planned and it is an unforeseen circumstance.The business should invest the money they have instead of keeping it as you never know when an incident takes place for example an incident like bank robbery. This can make the owner all the money he or she had saved up so far and the owner won’t be left with nothing. Another such hazard can take place like flooding which would eventually take away all the money of the owner.The business will end up spending more than the budget which would l ead the business in complete loss and will end up the business owner borrowing a lot of money and then not being able to return that money one day which would put down the business.

Job Discrimination Essays

Job Discrimination Essays Job Discrimination Essay Job Discrimination Essay Job Discrimination in organization Definition Discrimination can be define as the wrongful act of distinguishing illicitly or illegally among people not on the basis of individual merit, but on the basis of prejudice or some invidious, unpleasant or morally reprehensible or wrong attitude. The main economic definition of â€Å"employment discrimination† implies that it is efficient and leads to unusual and narrow empirical methods. From a legal perspective one can note that this definition does not advance equality. Other such definitions relate discrimination to specific market failures. This paper argues that economic theory could base its definition on the fundamental theorem of welfare economics and market functionality. Since society constitutes markets by use of law, this definition indicates some additional legal means to address problems of discrimination. Gary Becker defined employment discrimination as different pay for equally productive individuals (based upon membership in a certain group). Becker’s definition cited the cause for unequal pay as discriminatory tastes. Others argued that there may be another cause at times: some information problems that are correlated with the said social groups. Description The discrimination in employment must involve 3 elements. First, it is a decision against one or more employees/prospective employees that is not based on individual merits (ability to perform job,) or other morally legitimate qualifications. Second, the decision derives solely or in part from racial or sexual prejudice, false stereotypes, or some other kind of morally unjustified attitude against members of the class to which the employee belongs. Third, the decision has a harmful or negative impact on the interests of the employees, (no job, no promotion or pay rise) Reference (Business Ethics 7th edition by Manuel G. Velasquez 2012) EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION: SOME ECONOMIC DEFINITIONS, CRITIQUE AND LEGAL IMPLICATIONS by GARY S. BECKER. Milton Friedman ed. , 2nd ed. 1971 Becker, Gary S. 1971, the Economics of Discrimination, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Control room Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Control room - Movie Review Example Jehane Noujaim has interviewed a number of journalists and producers, like senior producer Sameer Khader, journalist Hassan Ibrahim, and producer Deema Khatib, who had been reporting and managing war news to Al-Jazeera. American correspondents David Shuster from NBC and Tom_Mintier from CNN have also been interviewed. The film shows the time when the war was just about to begin, and when the war occurred, it shows the confinements of a press complex where the viewers see a myriad of foreign news channels, like CNN, NBC, Fox, etc. The film also shows Lt. Josh Rushing, an American serviceman, who reacts differently on seeing Arab military personnel and civilians dead one night, and American military personnel the other night. An American military spokesperson, Brooks, showed a deck of cards with most wanted enemy military personnel. The statue of Saddam Hussein was shown coming down in the square of Baghdad. In short, the film is all about the way Al-Jazeera covered the

Using details and references from the material and answer 2 questions Essay

Using details and references from the material and answer 2 questions - Essay Example Thus people from all over the neighborhood would come together to play music, dance and sing(rap).This means that for them to be able to do the proper break-dance one has to have that feeling that they are coming from one place and that they are â€Å"keeping it real â€Å"For instance when one is performing in a jam(which is a place where people can come to dance and practice, and just mingle with other dancers in the community)there is usually no pressure to perform to anyone or anything as compared to when one is dancing in a competition in a big arena. This really creates a huge difference. Another type of reasoning that really affects how a person dances is when you are speaking about the music as the heart your culture. Thus when the break-dancers hold block parties it is all about a spontaneous response of the body to the music beats, and it is not about what move they did, but how they did it. This is actually the real foundation of the dance. Another important factor is the reasoning about where you come from; breakdance culture was predominantly practiced by lower class, ethnic minorities and the dancers here created it as a way to earn respect in society, since these kids find it hard to earn respect in mainstream society because of their lower habitus (Bourgois 2003).This was and still remains a big influence. 2. Culture can be somehow bought and sold. This becomes very clear in this particular article whereby in the 1970s the break-dance culture became highly globalized and the pioneers of break-dance lost their role as the sole educators and owners of the bboy culture. Since nowadays the dance may be viewed on television and the internet, people from all over the world can now†learn†the habitus from the comfort of their own home. Thus it is possible to pay for the internet and take part in online discussions, view tutorials and

Social Studies Thematic Curriculum Design and Assessment Assignment

Social Studies Thematic Curriculum Design and Assessment - Assignment Example Therefore, it is essentially important to use a blend of resources including field trip to the environmental conservation agencies to help in gaining the real picture of what is actually taking place on the ground. At the same time, is also important to make a good use of resource persons in the teaching of this topic (United Nations Environment Programme and New Energy Finance Ltd., 2007). Last, but by no means the least, it is important to understand that every teaching and learning process ends with evaluation. So, a combination of formative and summative evaluations is carried out. When doing this, a combination of lower level, middle level and the higher level cognitive questions will be used. This will be of a great help in gauging the extent to which the lesson objectives are achieved. United Nations Environment Programme and New Energy Finance Ltd. (2007). Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment 2007: Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Financing of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in OECD and Developing

Theories of Crime Essay Example for Free

Theories of Crime Essay Why do people commit crime? This is relatively strong topic discussed by sociologists that believe criminal or deviant behaviors are not because of ones physical characteristic. This essay will mainly focus on the Functionalist and Conflict Theories of crime. Conflict theorist argue that deviance is deliberately chosen, and often political in nature, where as Functionalist theorist argue that deviance and crime is caused by structural tensions created by social structure. Functionalists argue that people commit crimes because there is something wrong with the society the individual is in, and that this is what causes the individual to commit crime. Crime is caused by the structure of society. Conflict theorists argue that the criminal makes a choice to commit a crime in response to inequalities of the capitalist system (Giddens, 2001). Subcultural functionalist, Albert Cohen, bases his research on the lower classes. Through his research Cohen found that the lower class adolescents were disadvantaged in respect to success in general life. Cohen believed that the lower class were disadvantaged before they even started to achieve. Cohen argued, majority of the lower class children, do not start at the same position as the middle class. Because of this situation, Cohen thought that lower classes children suffered from status frustration (Haralambos and Holborn, 2000). Due to this lower class childrens annoyance with their position within society, Cohen developed the theory that the lower class child would develop or form into a sub-culture where delinquent subculture takes its norms from the larger culture but turns them upside down (Haralambos and Holborn, 2000). Due to the subculture creating goals, by the delinquent, as unattainable within society, Cohen argued that this is a cause of deviance and crime. Basically, with Cohens theory, it is mostly based namely on lower class position. Unfortunately, this only recognises that the lower class has more of a greater possibility of becoming deviant in there behavior, and Cohen disregards crimes of higher class. Another suggestion Cohen makes is that all disadvantaged people will perform acts, of deviant, criminal nature to achieve their goals. An important to understand that this is not always the case. Some individuals choose to work hard within society and its laws to  gain legitimate success (Haralambos and Holborn, 2000). Sociologist Merton, another functionalist, developed the Strain Theory, which he updated from Sociologist Durkheim theory of anomie. Durkheim stated in the anomie theory that circumstances in which social norms are no longer clear and people are morally adrift (ODonnell, 1997). Merton then modified Durkeims statement by instead stating that term anomie is to describe the strain which occurs when individuals experience conflict between their pursuit of societies goals and the means society provides to achieve them (ODonnell, 1997). Merton mainly focuses on various acts which he believed may lead to acts of crime and deviance. Merton believed that there are various goals pushed by society and that surrounded by a set of means to obtain these goals example like hard work, education, and following the law. Merton says that everybody has the ability to achieve these goals, and then with that developed the five models of adapting to the strain. The four models Merton put forward are conformity, innovation, ritualism and rebellion. Conformity is when a person continues to accept goals and the means to obtain these goals even through failure is almost inevitable. Innovation,is the response when the individual accepts the goals set by society but rejects the means (to obtain these goals) set by society (Jones. P, 1996), also merton goes on to say the individual finds a replacement to societies means, this being an illegal act (ODonnell. M, 1997). The third in Mertons theory is ritualism, this is where the means and goals of society are adhered to but the individual has lost sight of the goals and has no interest in the outcome of his/her work (Sociological Inquiry, 2003). The fifth part of Mertons theory is rebellion where the individual rejects both the means and goals set by society, this is recognised as terrorists/radical political parties (P. Taylor , 2002). Cohen and Mertons theories are both that of a functionalists perspective. They both in turn believe crime is needed within society, to indicate there is a problem and in turn that problem can be resolved (Sociological Inquiry, 2003). On the other hand there is the interactionalists perspective on crime and deviance. There are similarities and differences between the functionalists and the conflict theiorists interpretation of why deviance and crime are committed. Stuart Hall is a conflict theorist, whom in 1972 studied the increasing problem of mugging. Hall believed that class position was irrelevant in respect of the victom (ref). He researched and discovered that muggers targeted people whom appeared to come from a similar background to themselves, instead than the poor class stealing from the lower class. Hall believed that the source of moral panic was not the underlying economic problem (Haralambos and Holborn, 2000). This opinion is in completely different to that of both Cohen and Merton who both identify class as a major factor in crime, and both based their theories on the lower classes. Hall is belief and research concluded that the individuals within society committing the crimes where individuals in society forced into crime due to the nature of the economic situation. Talking another theorists view, Marxist, Hall argues that it is As Hall takes a Marxist view on crime some sociologists argue that economic situation is the cause for crime and deviance which is unavoidable. However Halls study is based upon statistics which maintain no bias. Halls study, like that of Cohen and Mertons, focuses on class. But unlike others sociologists i.e. Cohen and Merton, it acknowledges that criminals can/do target individuals in similar social situations as themselves. Cohen and Mertons studies gave the impression that the lower classes select the upper classes and intentionally harm them. This study clearly states that anyone is liable to become a victim of crime and acknowledges the influence of the media on crime. Living in a world where the media has such a large influence upon people it is easy to see how many crimes are exaggerated on television and in the newspapers, the term moral panic used by Hall is a good description. Ian Taylor, Paul Walton and Jock Young, new criminologists with studies leading towards Marxist perspective, have developed the theory which they believe criminals and deviants choose to break the laws set by society and decline out of free will. And do believe are influenced by external factors. Taylors view, according to the free will theory, is This theory is completely different to the Functionalists theorists whom believe the opposite. the meaningful attempt by the actor to construct and develop his own self-perception (Haralambos and Holborn, 1991). The free will theory developed by new criminology This strand of new criminology does not acknowledge or support the link of why crimes and deviant acts are commited through theories like anomie, physiological perspectives and those which include the forming of a subculture. Taylor, Paul and Jock are in complete contrast to the functionalist opinions and actually see crime and deviance as actively struggling to alter capitalism (Giddens, 2001). They see crime, more often than not, as a deliberate act, with a political basis against the state. They have a liberal view on the capitalist society and its restrictions and would base much devotion on the freedom of a future society (M. Haralambos, M. Holborn, 2000). They believe that ethnic minorities, homosexuals and drug users should not be persecuted but accepted by society (M. Haralambos, M. Holborn, 1991). In conclusion this document discussed that functionalists and conflict theorists have opposing views in relation to the nature and cause of crime and deviance. It has discovered that functionalists see crime and deviance as a product of society. Unlike conflict theorists perceive crime and deviance as choice chosen by the criminal. The functionalists determine that the environment determines and influences the opportunities given to an individual. Individuals have choices in the way they interpret and act upon the opportunities society provides conflict theorists state. The theories present in this document help to form a larger picture looking into cause and affects of crime and deviance. REFERENCE LIST Giddens. A, (2001), _Sociology_, Polity Press, fourth Edition, UK Jones. P, (1996), _Studying Society Sociological Theories and Research Practices_, Collins Educational, London M. Haralambos, M. Holborn, (1991), _Sociology themes and perspectives_, Third edition, Harper Collins, London M. Haralambos, M. Holborn, (2000), _Sociology themes and perspectives_, Fifth edition, Harper Collins, London ODonnell. M, (1997), _Introduction to Sociology_, Fourth edition, Nelson, London P. Taylor, (2002), _Sociology in focus_, Causeway Press, UK Sociological Inquiry (2003), _Anomie and Strain: Context and Consequences of Mertons Theories_ (Vol. 73 Issue 4 Page 471 November 2003), viewed May 5, 2008. http://www.planetpapers.com/Assets/5728.php

Causes of Child Abuse :: Abuse Violence Children Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many causes on the various types of child abuse. Child abuse is when violence and cruelty occur against children. Eight percent of all children abused are emotionally maltreated. Sixteen percent are sexually abused. Twenty-seven percent are physically abused. Fifty-five percent of all children abused are neglected (â€Å"Child Abuse† 116). There are many types of abuse. Parental neglect or nutritional deprivation is the most common technique of abusing a child (â€Å"Child Abuse† 116). An example of this would be when a child is irregularly fed or kept in dirty clothes for a long period of time (â€Å"Child Abuse† 222). The second most common way of abusing a child is physical abuse (â€Å"Child Abuse† 116). Physical abuse is when a child is slapped, hit, kicked, shoved, or has objects thrown at them (â€Å"Child Abuse† 222). Another common way of abusing a child is sexual abuse (â€Å"Child Abuse† 116). Fondling, masturbation, intercourse, and pornography are a few of the things that are done to a child when they are abused sexually (â€Å"Child Abuse† 222). The last way to abuse a child is through emotional abuse (â€Å"Child Abuse† 116). When the abuser humiliates the child, reprimands them, or other acts that are carried out over time (â€Å"Child Abuse† 222).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certain situations increase the risk of child abuse. These problems cause stress and tension which is sometimes expressed in neglect or violence toward a child. Many adults that abuse their children were abused as kids themselves. The parents are immature, unstable, lonely, and feel unloved (â€Å"Child Abuse† 222). They repeat what was done to them uncontrollably in violent outbursts. The abusive parents are unaware of any other way of acting. They may think that beating a child is normal. Sometimes the parents might also think that their children â€Å"deserve† to be abused, just as they â€Å"deserved† it when they were younger (â€Å" Child Abuse: Opposing Viewpoints† 108). This is one of the many causes of child abuse. Drug addiction also increases the chances of child abuse. The addiction to drugs makes parents less responsible. It also makes them more violent toward their children both physically and emotionally. All drug addicted parents attention is focused towards the drugs and as a result of that they pay less attention to their kids (â€Å"Child Abuse† 85-90).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Poverty is also a cause of child abuse. The parents can’t cope with the stress of poverty, which leaves the children to bear the brut of their parents’ frustration.

Ecn 204 Final Exam Notes

Macro Final Exam Chapter 10: The Money Systems What assets are considered â€Å"Money†? What are the functions of money and the types of money? * W/o money, trade would require barter > Exchanging one good/service for another * unlikely occurrence that two people e/ have a good that other wants * 3 functions * Medium of exchange: an item buyers give to sellers when they want to purchase g/s * Unit of account: the yardstick ppl use to post prices & record debts * Store of value: an item ppl can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future * 2 kinds Commodity money: commodity with intrinsic value, i. e. gold coins * Fiat money: money w/o intrinsic value, used as money b/c of gov’t decree, i. e. dollar bills * Money in Can’n economy * Money supply (Money stock): the quantity of money available in the economy * Two assets should be considers: * Currency: the paper bills & coins in the hands of the general public * Demand deposits: balances in bank accounts that despositors can access on demand by writing a cheque/using debit card * Money Supply = currency + depositsWhat is the bank of Canada and its role? How do Banks create money? * Central Bank: an institution designed to regulate the money supply in the economy * Bank of Canada: the central bank of Canada * Established in 1935, nationalized in 1938, owned by Can’n gov’t * Managed by board of directors appointed by minister of Finance, composed of: governor, the senior deputy governor (7 yr terms), 12 directors (3 yr terms) * Four primary functions: * Issue currency, act as banker to commercial banks & Can’n gov’t, control money supply * Commercial Banks and Money Supply Although Bank of Canada alone is responsible for Canadian monetary policy, the central bank can control the supply of money only through its influence on the entire banking system * Commercial banks include credit unions, caisses populaires, and trust companies * Commercial banks can influence the quantity of demand deposits in economy and money supply * Reserves: cash that commercial banks hold * Fractional banking system > Keeps fraction of deposits as reserves, rest is loaned * Banks may hold more than this minimum amt if they choose * The reserve ratio, R Fraction of deposits that banks hold as reserves * Total reserves as % of total deposits * Bank T-account * T-account – simplified accounting statement that shows bank’s Assets & liabilities * Banks liabilities: deposits(what we put in the bank), Assets: Loans and reserves(What bank keeps) * R= Reserves/Deposits * Banks & money supply * $100 of currency is in circulation, determining impact on money supply: Calculate in 3 different cases * No banking system Public holds the $100 as currency; Money supply= $100 * 100% reserves banking system: banks hold 100% of deposits as reserves make no loans * MS = Currency (loans) + deposits = 0 +100 = 100 * Bank does not affect size of money supply * Fractional reserve banking system * R=10%: Reserves: 10, Loans: 90, Deposits: 100 * MS= $190 * When banks make loans > create money * Borrower gets: 90 in currency(asset), 90 in new debt/loan (liability) * Money Multiplier: The amt of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves * Money multiplier = 1/R R =10, 1/R = 10, 100 x 10 = 1000 * The Bank of Canada’s tools of Monetary Control * 1. Open-market operations * When it buys gov’t bonds from/ sells to the public * Foreign exchange market operations: when it buy/sells foreign currencies * MS increase when bank of Canada buys foreign currency with Canadian Currency; and decrease when BoC sells foreign currency * 2. Changing the overnight rate * Central banks act as bankers to commercial banks Bank rate : interest rate charged by bank of Canada on loans to the commercial banks * Since 1998 Bank of Canada as allowed commercial banks to borrow freely at the bank rate, paid commercial banks the bank rate , minus half percent, on their deposits at bank of Canada * Commercial banks never need to pay more than bank rate for short term loans, b/c they can always borrow from the Bank of Canada instead * Conversely, commercial banks never need to accept less than the bank rate, minus half a percent, when they make short-term loans, because they can always lend to the bank of Canada instead * Overnight rate: the interest rate on very short-term loans between commercial banks * Bank of Canada can alter the money supply by changing the bank rate, which in turn causes an equal change in overnight rate * A higher bank rate discourages commercial banks from borrowing from the Bank of Canada * A higher overnight rate discourages commercial banks from borrowing from other commercial banks * An increase in the overnight rate reduces the quantity of reserves in the banking system, which in turn reduces the money supply * Bank of Canada’s control of MS is not precise * Bank of Canada must wre stle w/ 2 problems that come from fractional-reserve banking * Does not control amt of money that: * Household choose to hold as deposits in banks * Commercial bankers choose to lend Chapter 11: Money Growth and Inflation How does the money supply affect the inflation & nominal interest rates? * Quantity theory of money: Price rises when gov’t prints too much money * Most economists believe the quantity theory is a good explanation of the long run behavior of inflation * Asserts that quantity of money determines value * 2 approaches: * Supply demand diagram MS determined by bank of Canada, banking system, consuers * In model, assume that BoC precisely controls MS & sets it at some fixed amt * MD (money demand) how much wealth ppl want to hold in liquid form * Depends on P: an increase in P reduces the value of money, so more money is required to buy goods & services * Thus: Quantity of money demanded is –vely related to the value of money +vely related to P, other thin gs equal (real income, interest rates, availability of ATMs) * * Results from Graph: Increasing MS causes P to rise * How does this work? Short version: * AT the initial P, an increase in MS causes excess supply of money * People get rid of their excess money by spending it on goods & services/ by loaning it to others who spent it * Result: increased demand of goods But supply of goods does not increase, so prices must rise * Other things happen in the short run, which we will study in later chapters) * Equation * Nominal Variables: are measured in monetary units * i. e. Nominal GDP, nominal interest rates (rate of return measured in $) nominal wage($ per/hour worked) * Real Variables: are measured in physical units * i. e. real GDP real interest rate (measured in output) real wage (measured in output) * Real vs. Nominal * Prices are normally measured in terms of money * Price of a compact disc: $15/cd * Price of a pepperoni pizza: $10/pizza A relative price: price of one good relat ive (divided by) another: * Relative price of CDs in terms of pizza: * Price of CD/Price of pizza = 15/10 = 1. 5 pizzas per cd * Relative prices are measured in physical units so they are real variables * Real vs. Nominal Wage * An important relative price is the real wage * W= nominal wage= price of labour $15/hr * P = price level = price of g&s $5/unit of output * Real wage is price of labour relative to price of output * W/P = 15/5 = 3 units output per hour * Classical theory of inflation: * Increase in overall level of prices * Over past 60 yrs, prices risen on avg of 4%/yr Deflation: people will wait for prices to drop on big ticketed items, dropped in the 20th century * In 1970s prices rose by 7%/yr * During 1990s, price rose at 2%/yr * Hyperinflation: extraordinary high rate * Quantity theory of money: explain long-run determinants of price lvl and inflation rate * Inflation is an economy-wide phenomenon that concerns the value of the economy’s medium of exchange * Whe n the overall price level rises, value of money falls * Inverse relationship b/w price & value of money * Value of money: * P = Price lvl (CPI/ GDP deflator) * P = price of basket of goods measured in money * 1/P is value of $1, measured in goods * Example: basket contains one candy bar, P = $2, Value of $1 is ? candy bar * The Classical Dichotomy Classical dichotomy: theoretical separation of nominal & real variables * Hume & the classical economists suggested that monetary developments affect nominal variables but not real variables * If the central bank doubles the MS, Hume & classical thinkers contend * All nom variables (including prices) will double * All real variables (Including relative prices) will remain unchanged * The neutrality of Money * Monetary neutrality: the proposition that changes in the MS do not affect real variables * Doubling money supply causes all nominal prices to double, what happens to relative prices? * Initially, relative price of cd in terms of pizza is * Price of cd/price of pizza = 15/10 = 1. pizzas per cd * After nominal prices double * 30/20 = 1. 5 pizza per cd * Relative price is unchanged * Monetary neutrality: proposition that changes in the MS do not affect real variables * Similarly, the real wage W/P remains unchanged, so†¦ * Quantity of labour supplied/demanded, total employment does not change * The same applies to employment of capital & other resources * Since employment of all resources in unchanged, total output is also unchanged by the MS * Most economists believe the classical dichotomy & neutrality of money describe the economy in the long run Does the money supply affect real variables like real GDP or the real interest rate? The velocity of Money: the rate at which money changes hands * Notation: * PxY = nominal GDP = price level x real GDP * M = money supply * V = velocity * Velocity formula: V = PXY/M * Pizza, Y = real GDP = 3000 pizzas, P= price of pizza = $10, P*Y = $30,0000, M = $10,000 * V=30,000 /10,000= 3, avg dollar was used in 3 transactions * Quantity Equation * M*V = P*Y * V = stable * So, a change in M causes nominal GDP (P*Y) to change by the same % * A change in M does not affect Y: money is neutral, Y is determined by tech & resources * So, P changes by the same % as P*Y and M * Rapid money supply growth causes rapid inflation How is inflation like a tax? Hyperinflation is generally defined as inflation exceeding 50%/month * Excessive growth in the MS always causes hyperinflation * Inflation tax: * When tax revenue is inadequate and ability to borrow is ltd, gov’t may print money to pay for its spending * Almost all hyperinflations start this way * The revenue from printing money is the inflation tax: printing money causes inflation, which is like a tax on everyone who holds money * The Fischer Effect * Rearrange definition of real interest rate: * Nominal interest rate = Inflation rate + real interest rate * Real interest rate is determined by saving & inve stment in the loanable funds market * MS growth determines inflation rate This equation shows how the nominal interest rate is determined * In long run, money is neutral, so a change in the money growth rate affects the inflation rate but not the real interest rate * So, nominal interest rate adjusts one-for-one with changes in the inflation rate * The inflation tax applies to people’s holdings of money, not their holdings of wreath * Fishcher effect: an increase in inflation causes an equal increase in the nominal interest rate, so the real interest rate is unchanged What are the costs of inflation? How serious are they? * The inflation fallacy: most ppl think inflation erodes real income * Inflation is a general increase in price of the things ppl buy & the things they sell (i. e. labour) * In long run, real incomes are determined by real variables, not inflation rate * Shoeleather costs: the resources wasted when inflation encourages ppl to reduce their money holdings * In cludes the time & transactions costs of more frequent bank withdrawals * Menu costs: the costs of changing prices Printing new menus, mailing new catalogs * Misallocation of resources from relative-price variability: Firms don’t all raise prices @ the same time, so relative prices can vary which distorts the allocation of resources * Confusion & inconvenience: inflation changes the yardstick we use to measure transactions, complicates long-range planning & the comparison of dollar amts over time * Tax distortions: inflation makes nominal income grow faster than real income, taxes are based on nominal income, & some are not adjusted for inflation, so†¦ inflation causes ppl to pay more taxes even when their real incomes don’t increase * Arbitrary redistributions of wealth Higher-than-expected inflation transfers purchasing power from creditors to debtors: debtors get to repay their debt w/ dollars that aren’t worth as much * Lower-than-expected inflation tran sfers purchasing power from debtors to creditors * High inflation is more variable & less predictable than low inflation * So, these arbitrary redistributions are frequent when inflation is high * Costs are high for economies experiencing hyperinflation * For economies w/ low inflation ( 0, â€Å"Capital outflow†, domestic purchases of foreign assets exceed foreign purchases of domestic assets * Capital is flowing out of country * When NCO < 0, â€Å"Capital inflow†, foreign purchases of domestic assets exceed domestic purchases of foreign assets * Capital is flowing into the country * Variables that Influence NCO * Real interest rates paid on foreign assets or domestic assets * Perceived risks of holding foreign assets * Gov’t policies affecting foreign ownership of domestic assets * The equality of NX & NCO * An accounting identity: NCO = NX * Arises b/c every transactions that affects NX also affects NCO by the same amt (And vice versa) * When a foreigner pur chases a good from Canada, * Can’n exports & NX increase The foreigner pay w/ currency or assets, so the Can’n acquires some foreign assets, causing NCO to rise * An accounting identity: NCO=NX * Arises b/c every transaction that affects NX also affects NCO the same amt ( & vice versa) * When a Can’n citizen buys foreign goods, * Can’n imports rise, NX falls * The Can’n buyer pays w/ Can’n dollars or assets, so the other country acquires Can’n assets, causing Can’n NCO to fall * Saving, Investment, & international Flows of Goods & Assets * Y = C + I + G + NX accounting identity * Y – C – G = I + NX rearranging terms * S = I + NX since S = Y – C – G * S = I + NCO since NX = NCO * When S > I, the excess loanable funds flow abroad in the form of positive net capital outflow, NCO >0 * When S e =P*/P implies that the nom exchange rate between 2 countries should equal the ratio of price lvls * If the 2 cou ntries have diff inflation rates, then e will change over time: * If inflation is higher in Mexico than in Canada, Then P* rises faster than P, so e rises – the dollar appreciates against the peso * If inflation is higher in Canada than in Japan, then P rises faster than P*, so e falls- the dollar depreciates against the yen * Limitations of PPP theory, why exchange rates do not always adjust to equalize prices across countries: * Many goods cannot easily be traded: * i. e. haircuts, going to movies * Price differences on such goods cannot be arbitraged away * Foreign, domestic goods not perfect substitutes: * i. e. some Can’n consumers prefer Toyatos over Chevys * Price differences reflect taste differences * Nonetheless, PPP works well in many cases, especially as an explanation of long-run trends * i. e.PPP implies: the greater a country’s inflation rate, the faster its currency should depreciate (relative to a low-inflation country like Canada) * Interest ra te determination in a small open economy w/ perfect Capital mobility * Why do interest rates in Canada & the U. S. tend to move up & down together? * Canada is a small open economy w/ perfect capital mobility * â€Å"small† = small part of the world economy * Canada is an economy w/ perfect capital mobility b/c * Can’ns have full access to world financial markets, * And the rest of the world has full access to the Can’n fin’l market * This means that the real interest rate in Canada should equal the real rate prevailing in the world U. S. r= r^w * Perfect Capital mobility: theory that real interest rate in Canada should equal that in the rest of the world is known as interest rate parity * Limitations: real interest rate in Canada is not always = to the real interest rate in the rest of the world b/c†¦ * Fin’l assets carry w/ them the possibility of default * Fin’l assets offered for sale in different Chapter 13: Macroeconomic theory of the open economy In an open economy, what determines the real interest rate? The real exchange rate? * Market of loanable Funds S=I + NCO * Supply of loanable funds = saving * A dollar of saving can be used to finance * The purchase of domestic capital * The purchase of foreign asset * So, demand for loanable funds=I + NCO * S depends +vely on the real interest rate, r * I depends –vely on r * Real interest rate, is the real return on domestic assets * A fall in r makes domestic assets less attractive relative to foreign assets * Can’ns purchase more foreign assets * Can’ns purchase fewer domestic assets * NCO rises * The supply & demand for loanable funds depend on the real interest rate * A higher real interest rate encourages ppl to save & raises the quantity of loanable funds supplied * The interest rate adjusts to bring the supply & demand for loanable funds into balance * At eq’m interest rate, the amt that ppl want to save exactly balances the des ired quantities of domestic investment & foreign investment * Loanable funds market diagram * R adjusts to balance supply & demand in the LF market * Both I & NCO depend –vely on r, so the D curve is downward-sloping * * In small open economy w/ perfect capital mobility, i. e. Canada, the domestic interest rate = world interst rate * As a result, the quantity of loanable funds made available by the savings of Can’ns does not have to equal the quantity of loanable funds demanded for domestic investment * The difference between these two amts is NCO * * How are the markets for loanable funds & foreign-currency exchange connected? The market for foreign-currency exchange exists b/c ppl want to trade w/ ppl in other countries, but they want to be paid in their own currency * 2 side of foreign-currency exchange market are represented by NCO & NX * NCO represents the imbalance between the purchases & sales of capital assets * NX represents the imbalance b/w exports & imports of goods & services * Another identity from preceding chapter: NCO = NX * In the market for foreign-currency exchange, * NX is the demand for dollars: foreigners need dollars to buy Can’n NX * NCO is the supply of dollars: Can’n residents provide/give dollars when they buy foreign assets * S=I + NCO > S – I =NX * What price balances the supply & demand in the market for foreign-currency exchange? * The real exchange rate (E) = e*P/P* The Can’n exchange rate(E) measures the quantity of foreign g/s that trade for one unit of Can’n g/s * E is the real value of a dollar in the market for foreign-currency exchange * The demand curve for dollars (NX) is downward sloping b/c a higher exchange rate makes domestic goods more expensive * The supply curve (NCO) is vertical b/c the quantity of dollars supplied for NCO is unrelated to the real exchange rate * Increase in E makes Can’n goods more expensive to foreigners, reduces foreign demand for Canâ⠂¬â„¢n goods & dollars, does not affect NCO/supply of dollars * The real E adjusts to balance the S & D for dollars * At Eq’m E, the demand for dollars to buy NX exactly balances the supply of dollars to be exchanged into foreign currency to buy assets abroad * Disentangling S&D When can’n resident buys imported goods does the transaction affect s/d in foreign exchange market? * The demand for dollars decrease * The increase in imports reduce NX which we think of as demand for dollars (NX= net demand for dollars) * When foreigner buys Can’n asset, does the transaction affect supply/ demand in the foreign exchange market * The supply of dollars falls * NCO = Net supply of dollars How do gov’t budget deficits affect exchange rate & trade balance? * The effects of a budget deficit * National saving falls * The real interest rate rises * Domestic investment & net capital outflow both fall * The real exchange rate appreciates * Net export fall (or the trade de ficit increases) * Eq’m in the Open Economy NCO is the variable that links these two markets: S = I + NCO, NCO =NX * In the market for loanable funds, supply comes from national saving & demand comes from domestic investment & NCO * In the market for foreign-currency exchange, suplly comes from NCO & demand comes from BX * * * Eq’m in the open economy * Prices in the loanable funds market & the foreign-currency exchange market adjust simultaneously to balance supply & demand in these two markets * As they, they determine the macroeconomic variables of national saving, domestic investment, NCO, and NX How do other policies or events affect the interest rate, exchange rate, and trade balance? The magnitude & variation in important macroeconomic variables depend on the following: * Increase in world interest rates * Gov’t budget deficits & surpluses * Trade policies * Political & economic stability * Three steps in using the model to analyze these events * Determin e which of the s/d curves e/ event effects * Determine which way the curves shift * Examine how these shifts alter the economy’s equilibrium * * * Increase in world interest rates * Events outside Canada that cause world interest rates to change can have important effects on the Can’n economy * In a small open economy w/ perfect mobility, an increase in the world interest rate†¦ * Crowds out domestic investment, * Cause NCO to increase & * Causes the dollar to depreciate * The effects of an increase in the gov’t budget deficit * * Gov’t budget deficits & surpluses * b/c a gov’t budget deficit represents negative public saving, it reduces national saving, and therefore reduces†¦ * the supply of loanable funds * NCO * The supply of Can’n dollars in the market for foreign-currency exchange * Trade Policy: is a gov’t policy that directly influences the quantity of goods @ services that a country imports/exports * Tariff: a tax o n imported goods * Imported quota: a limit on quantity of a good produces abroad and sold domestically * Initial impact is on imports – which affects NX NX are the sources of demand for dollars in the foreign-currency exchange market * Imports are reduced at any exchange rate, & NX will rise * This increases the demand for dollars in the foreign currency exchange market * * * There is no change in the market for loanable funds, and therefore, no change in NCO * B/c foreigners need dollars to buy Can’n NX, there is an increased demand for dollars in the market for foreign-currency * This leads to an appreciation of the real exchange rate * Effect of an import quota * An appreciation of the dollar in the foreign exchange market discourages exports * This offsets the initial increase in NX due to import quota * Trade policies do not affect the trade balance Political Instability & Capital Flight * Capital flight * Is large & sudden reduction in demand for assets located i n a country * Has its largest impact on the country from which the capital is fleeing, but it also affects other countries * If investors become concerned about the safety of their investments, capital can quickly leave an economy * Interest rates increase & the domestic currency depreciates * When investors around the world observed political problems in Mexico in 1994, they sold some of their Mexican assets and used the proceeds to by assets of the other countries * This increased Mexican NCO An increased demand for loanable funds in the loanable funds market leads the interest rate to increase * This increased the supply of pesos in the foreign-currency exchange market * * Chapter 14: Aggregate Demand & Supply What are economic fluctuations? What are their characteristics? * Over LR, Real GDP grows about 2%/yr on avg * In SR, GDP fluctuates around its trend * Recessions: falling real incomes & rising unemployment * Depressions: severe recessions (very rare) * SR economic fluctuat ions are often called business cycles * 3 facts about economic fluctuations * Are irregular & unpredictable * Most macro’c quantities fluctuate together * As output falls, unemployment rises Use mode of AD & AS to study fluctuations * Short run, changes in nominal variables (Ms or P) can affect real variables (Y/U-rate) How does the model aggregate demand & supply explain economic fluctuations? * Aggregate-demand curve – shows the quantity of goods & services that households, firms, & the gov’t want to buy @ each price level * Aggregate-supply curve- shows the quantity of goods & services that firms choose to produce and sell at each price level * Why does the aggregate-demand curve slope downward? What shifts the AD curve? * AD curve shows quantity of g/s demanded in the economy at any given P * Y=C+I+G+NX * Assume G fixed by gov’t policy Increase in P reduces the quantity of g/s demanded b/c: * The wealth effect (c falls) * The dollars ppl hold buy fewe r g/s so real wealth is lower * Ppl feel poorer * i. e. a stock market boom makes households feel wealthier, C rises, the AD curve shifts right; preferences: consumption, saving tradeoff; tax hikes/cuts * Interest rate effect (I falls) * Buying g/s requires more dollars * To get these dollars, ppl borrow more * Drives up interest rates * i. e. firms buy new computers; expectations, optimism/pessimism; Interest rates, monetary policy; investment tax credit/other tax incentives * The exchange rate effect (NX falls) * Real exchange rate= exP/P* Increase real exchange rate, Can’n exchange rate appreciates * Can’n exports more expensive to ppl abroad, imports cheaper to Can’n residents * i. e. booms/recessions in countries that buy our exports (recession in the U. S. ); appreciation/depreciation resulting from int’l speculation in foreign exchange market * Changes in G * Federal spending i. e defense; provincial & municipal spending i. e roads, schools What is the slope of the aggregate-supply curve in the short run? Long run? What shifts AS curve? * AS curve shows the total quantity of g/s firms produce & sell at any given P * Upward-sloping in short run * Vertical in long run Natural rate of output (Yn) us the amt of output the economy produces when unemployment is at its natural rate * Yn is also called potential output/full-employment output * Yn determined by the economy’s labour (L) capital (K), and natural resources(N), and on the lvl of tech(A) * Changes in L/Natural rate unemployment: immigration, Baby-boomers retire, gov’t policies reduce natural u-rate * Changes in K/H: Investment in factories, more ppl get college degrees, factories destroyed by a hurricane * Changes in natural resources(N): discovery of new mineral deposits, reduction in supply of imported oil, changing weather patterns that affect agricultural production * Changes in tech (A): productivity improvements from technological progress * An increase in P does not affect any of these, it does not affect Yn (Classical dichotomy) * Any even that changes any of the determinants of Yn will shift LRAS * i. e. immigration increases L, causing Yn to rise * Over the LR, tech progress shifts LRAS to the right & growth in the MS shifts AD to the right * Ongoing inflation & growth in output * The SRAs curves is upward sloping: * Over the period of 1-2 yrs, an increase in P causes an increase in quantity of g/s supplied * If AS is vertical, fluctuations in AD do ot cause fluctuations in output/employment * If AS slopes up, then shifts in AD do affect output & employment * Three theories: * Sticky wage theory, Imperfection- nominal wages are sticky in the short run, they adjust sluggishly, due to labour contracts; firms & workers set the nominal wage in advance based on Pe, the price lvl expected to prevail * If P>Pe, revenue is higher, but labour cost is not. Productions is more profitable, so firms increase output & employment * Hence, hi gh P causes higher Y, so the SRAS curve slopes upward * Sticky price theory, Imperfection- many prices are sticky in the short run: due to menu costs, the costs of adjusting prices, i. e. ost of printing new menus, the time required to change price tags * Firms set sticky prices in advance based on Pe * Suppose the BoC increases the MS unexpectedly, in LR P will rise * In SR, firms w/o menu costs can raise their P immediately * Firms w/ menu costs wait to raise prices, meantime , their prices are relatively low, which increase demand for their products, so they increase output & employment * Hence, higher P is associated w/ higher Y, so the SRAS curve slopes upward * Misperceptions- imperfection: firms may confuse changes in P with changes in the relative price of the products they sell, if P rises above Pe- a firm sees its price rise before realizing all prices are rising. The firms may believe its relative price is rising & may increase output & employment, * An increase in P can cause an increase in Y, making the SRAS curve upward-sloping * What 3 theories have in common: Y deviates from Yn, when P deviates from Pe * Y(Output) = Yn + a(P-Pe) * Yn-Natural rate of output (LR) * a>0, measures how much Y responds to unexpected changes in P * P, actually price lvl; Pe, expected price lvl * SRAS & LRAS The imperfections in these theories are temp, over time†¦ * Sticky wages & prices become flexible * Misperceptions are corrected * In LR†¦ * Pe = P, Y=Yn, AS is vertical * Unemployment is at its natural rate * Why the SRAS curve might shift * Everything that shifts LRAS shifts SRAS too * Also, Pe shifts SRAS: * If Pe rises, workers & firms set higher wages * At e/ P production is less profitable, Y falls, SRAS shifts left * * Economic fluctuations * Caused by events that shift the AD/AS curves * 4 steps to analyzing economic fluctuations: * Determine whether the event shifts AD & AS * Determine whether curve shifts left/right Use AD-AS diagram to see how the shift changes Y & P in the short run * Use AD-AS diagram to see how economy moves from new SR eq’m to new LR eq’m * I. e. Stock market crash : C falls, so AD shifts left; SR eq’m at B, P & Y lower, unemp higher; Over time Pe fals, SRAS shifts right, until LR eq’m at C, Y and unemp back at initial lvls * * i. e. oil prices rises: increases costs, shifts SRAS Left, SR eq’m at point B, P higher, Y lower, unemp higher; from A to B, stagflation: a period of falling output & rising prices; if policymakers do nothing: low employment causes wages to fall SRAS shifts right until LR eq’m at A, or policymakers could use fiscal/ monetary policy to increase Ad & accommodate AS shift: Y back to Yn, but P permanently higher